BACKING UP

by David Broughton

BACKING UP or ARCHIVING?

Backup: to guard against immediate or short term loss of data.

Archiving: for long term historical records.

You may not always need archiving, but you will almost certainly need backups.

The two can often be combined.

Don't forget that any backing up procedure has to have a corresponding restoration procedure.

The restoration procedure must be practiced if not used to make sure it works and to make sure you remember how to do it!

The various MS-Windows operating systems do not make this task easy. To be able to obey the above golden rule, I see no way out other than using DOS facilities.

Backing up is mainly to another storage medium such as:

• Floppy disk
• High capacity floppy, such as LS-120
• Magnetic Tape
• Zip drive
• Compact Disk
• Removable hard disk

There are two kinds of file to be considered:

1. Files with a unique name that will never be used again such as the letter you have just written.
2. Files such as a diary or a database that are continually being updated.

In the latter case you must ask yourself:

If you use the same file names on the same storage device, they will overwrite the previous version. This does not guard against inadvertent deletions being retrievable.

Also beware when overwriting that you may lose both copies if a fault occurs whilst reading the new file.

If NO (the safer option), remedies are:

1. Circulate the storage devices over two, three or more.
2. Have an unending series, providing archives as well.
3. Use different directories on the same device.
4. Use different file names.

But beware against using the wrong floppy or CD, etc? How?

The system must not only be easy to do (one two two clicks with the mouse or a few keyboard keys should be the norm) but to make the process efficient (and therefore quick) do not allow files that have not changed to overwrite their identical images on the backup medium.

There are two ways to do this in DOS:

1. Use XCOPY to copy only files with the archive bit set.
2. Use COPY with the Update switch.

• Archive bit: Set when a change is made to the file.
• Read Only: Prevents changes or erasures.
• Hidden: Will not normally appear in listings.
• System: Hidden and required by the operating system.

Not so easy with Windows-only methods.

Of course, you don't back up all the Windows System files or all the software -- only the changeable data. How to avoid this?

1. Have an exclude list, with optional date.
2. Have an include list.

But there are some awkward cases -- see below.

My System(s):

1. I use LS-120 disks, but will soon change over to CD-RW.
    
2. Unending sequence of disks, providing archives. I have found this very valuable.
    
3. Each disk has an identification file to make sure it is the right one currently in use. This can be detected using batch file conditional instructions.
    
4. Important files (such as databases) are not allowed to overwrite previous versions. I use a special program called COPYNNN that makes a copy with a different file name extension.
    
5. The whole procedure is in a batch file, invoked from a desktop icon.

After nearly every computer session I just double-click the backup icon and sit back for it all to happen (which is usually not very much because only the changed files of that session are copied to the back-up disk).

Restoration of files is easy also because I make sure that the file structure on the backup disk is identical to the structure on the hard disk.

I use an exclude list on my computer but I have also implemented an include list system for my wife which works almost as well.

Awkward cases: These are the files that Windows keeps updated rather than you. You have to know where they are and what they are called and how to copy them. For example, the Windows Address book and Outlook Express e-mail files. Windows programs have a habit of "changing" files when they are not changed, making the usual methods for detecting changes (by archive bit or date/time) fail.

I handle these differently. E-mail files ("folders" in OE speak) are in the exclude list and every month I make copies (using COPYNNN) of those that have changed most into another directory where the routine backup system will take care of them. (This requires a restore procedure, to be explained).

The address book is another problem area but I have a separate store and recall system for it that I do when I think about it (not often enough).

Almost all my backup systems are controlled from DOS batch files which can be very powerful with the new enhanced capabilities in Windows XP. But I've only recently acquired XP. 4DOS still is my favourite DOS enhancer but I still have to make special programs of my own. These are:

COPYNNN: for making copies with different names.

LISTBAK: searches for all changed files (i.e. those with their archive bit set), but excludes files and directories listed in an exclude list and files older than a specified date. The output is a list of files to be backed up.

BAKUP: This is the program that copies the files. It creates the necessary path on the output medium for each of the files listed by LISTBAK and checks first to see if an older version of the file exists. If it does, it checks that the new file is readable before making the copy (Why? Because if it is not readable due to a disk error, a partial overwrite of the old file will cause that to be unreadable as well, or at least incomplete). It resets the archive bit on all successful copies. (I originally used XCOPY for this job but found bugs in it and it was not sufficiently versatile.)

ARCHIVE: (Not used by me -- this is used on my wife's system) Checks for any file with its archive bit set in the current directory. This is to avoid the tedium of placing lots of floppies in drive A for each directory to be backed up when there is no file to be backed up anyway. This method of backing up uses the INCLUDE LIST method where a list of directories is made in a batch file and each is checked for changes. With the ARCHIVE program, the batch file rushes through very quickly if there is little work to do and only the necessary disk changes are made. Since using LS-120's, this is now less of a problem as many directories can be stored on the same LS-120 -- unlike earlier days when each directory had its own floppy disk.

Here is an example of a simple batch file that uses COPYNNN: